# Scott's Pi

Scott's pi (named after William A. Scott) is a statistic for measuring inter-rater reliability for nominal data in communication studies. Textual entities are annotated with categories by different annotators, and various measures are used to assess the extent of agreement between the annotators, one of which is Scott's pi. Since automatically annotating text is a popular problem in natural language processing, and the goal is to get the computer program that is being developed to agree with the humans in the annotations it creates, assessing the extent to which humans agree with each other is important for establishing a reasonable upper limit on computer performance.

## Introduction

Scott's pi is similar to Cohen's kappa in that they improve on simple observed agreement by factoring in the extent of agreement that might be expected by chance. However, in each statistic, the expected agreement is calculated slightly differently. Scott's pi makes the assumption that annotators have the same distribution of responses, which makes Cohen's kappa slightly more informative. Scott's pi is extended to more than two annotators by Fleiss' kappa.

The equation for Scott's pi, as in Cohen's kappa, is:

${\displaystyle \pi ={\frac {\Pr(a)-\Pr(e)}{1-\Pr(e)}},}$

However, Pr(e) is calculated using squared "joint proportions" which are squared arithmetic means of the marginal proportions (whereas Cohen's uses squared geometric means of them).

## Worked example

Confusion matrix for two annotators, three categories {Yes, No, Maybe} and 45 items rated (90 ratings for 2 annotators):

 Yes No Maybe Marginal Sum Yes 1 2 3 6 No 4 5 6 15 Maybe 7 8 9 24 Marginal Sum 12 15 18 45

To calculate the expected agreement, sum marginals across annotators and divide by the total number of ratings to obtain joint proportions. Square and total these:

 Ann1 Ann2 Joint Proportion JP Squared Yes 12 6 (12 + 6)/90 = 0.2 0.04 No 15 15 (15 + 15)/90 = 0.333 0.111 Maybe 18 24 (18 + 24)/90 = 0.467 0.218 Total 0.369

To calculate observed agreement, divide the number of items on which annotators agreed by the total number of items. In this case,

${\displaystyle \Pr(a)={\frac {1+5+9}{45}}=0.333.}$

Given that Pr(e) = 0.369, Scott's pi is then

${\displaystyle \pi ={\frac {0.333-0.369}{1-0.369}}=-0.059.}$