Potassium metabisulfite

Potassium metabisulfite
Names
	Other names Potassium pyrosulfite; Dipotassium disulfite; Potassium metabisulphite; Dipotassium disulphite
Identifiers
CAS Number	16731-55-8 ;
3D model (JSmol)	Interactive image;
ChemSpider	26061 ;
ECHA InfoCard	100.037.072
E number	E224 (preservatives)
PubChem CID	28019;
RTECS number	TT4920000;
UNII	65OE787Q7W ;
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)	DTXSID1021293 ;
	InChI InChI=1S/2K.H2O5S2/c;;1-6(2)7(3,4)5/h;;(H,1,2)(H,3,4,5)/q2+1;/p-2 Key: RWPGFSMJFRPDDP-UHFFFAOYSA-L ; InChI=1/2K.H2O5S2/c;;1-6(2)7(3,4)5/h;;(H,1,2)(H,3,4,5)/q2+1;/p-2 Key: RWPGFSMJFRPDDP-NUQVWONBAF;
	SMILES [K+].[K+].[O-]S(=O)S([O-])(=O)=O;
Properties
Chemical formula	K2O5S2
Molar mass	222.31 g·mol−1
Appearance	White crystalline powder
Odor	Pungent (sulfur dioxide)
Density	2.34 g/cm3 (solid)
Melting point	190 °C (374 °F; 463 K) decomposes
Solubility in water	450 g/l (20 °C)
Solubility	Insoluble in ethanol
Hazards
Main hazards	Irritant, asthma risk
Safety data sheet	ICSC 1175
GHS pictograms
GHS Signal word	Danger
GHS hazard statements	H315, H318, H335
GHS precautionary statements	P261, P264, P271, P280, P302+352, P304+340, P305+351+338, P310, P312, P321, P332+313, P362, P403+233, P405, P501
NFPA 704 (fire diamond)	0 1 0
Related compounds
Other anions	Potassium bisulfite; Potassium sulfite
Other cations	Sodium metabisulfite
	Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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	Infobox references

Potassium metabisulfite, K₂S₂O₅, also known as potassium pyrosulfite, is a white crystalline powder with a pungent sulfur odour. The main use for the chemical is as an antioxidant or chemical sterilant. It is a disulfite and is chemically very similar to sodium metabisulfite, with which it is sometimes used interchangeably. Potassium metabisulfite is generally preferred out of the two as it does not contribute sodium to the diet.

Potassium metabisulfite has a monoclinic crystal structure which decomposes at 190 °C, yielding potassium sulfite and sulfur dioxide:

K₂S₂O₅(s) → K₂SO₃(s) + SO₂(g)

Uses

It is used as a food additive, also known as E224.[1] It is restricted in use and may cause allergic reactions in some sensitive persons.[2]

Potassium metabisulfite is an inhibitor of the polyphenol oxidase enzyme.[3]

Wine

Potassium metabisulfite is a common wine or must additive, in which it forms sulfur dioxide gas (SO₂). This both prevents most wild microorganisms from growing, and it acts as a potent antioxidant, protecting both the color and delicate flavors of wine.

A high dose would be 3 grams of potassium metabisulfite per six-gallon bucket of must (yielding roughly 75 ppm of SO₂) prior to fermentation; then 6 grams per six-gallon bucket (150 ppm of SO₂) at bottling. Most commercial wineries do not add more than 30 ppm at bottling. Some countries impose regulations on how much SO₂ wines are allowed to contain.[4]

Winemaking equipment is sanitized by spraying with a 1% SO₂ (2 tsp potassium metabisulfite per L) solution.

Beer

Potassium metabisulfite is sometimes used in the brewing industry to inhibit the growth of wild bacteria and fungi. This is called 'stabilizing'. It is also used to neutralize monochloramine from tap water. It is used both by homebrewers and commercial brewers alike. It is not used as much for brewing beer, because the wort is almost always boiled, which kills most microorganisms.

Other uses

Potassium metabisulfite is sometimes added to lemon juice as a preservative.
Potassium metabisulfite is used in the textile industry for dyeing and cotton printing.
Potassium metabisulfite is sometimes used to precipitate gold from solution in aqua regia (as an alternative to sodium sulfite).
It is a component of certain photographic developers and solutions used in photographic fixing.[5]
It is used as a bleaching agent in the production of Coconut cream.
It is used in some pickles as a preservative.
It is used in tint etching iron-based metal samples for microstructural analysis. [6]

Safety

Potassium metabisulfite causes skin irritation, serious eye irritation, and may cause respiratory irritation.[7] Hence, it should be manipulated under individual protective elements, such as gloves, coat, mask and glasses. Also, it should be manipulated under alkaline conditions as potassium metabisulfite reacts with acids, releasing toxic gases.

References

List of E-number food additives
Metcalfe, Dean D.; Simon, Ronald A. (2003). Food allergy: adverse reactions to food and food additives. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 324–339. ISBN 978-0-632-04601-0.
Del Signore A, Romeoa F, Giaccio M (May 1997). "Content of phenolic substances in basidiomycetes". Mycological Research. 101 (5): 552–556. doi:10.1017/S0953756296003206.
https://www.thekitchn.com/the-truth-about-sulfites-in-wine-myths-of-red-wine-headaches-100878
"Potassium Metabisulfite".
"Color Metallography". 2011-05-04.
"Material Safety Data Sheet". Guidechem.

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[e_numbers-1] List of E-number food additives

[2] Metcalfe, Dean D.; Simon, Ronald A. (2003). Food allergy: adverse reactions to food and food additives. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 324–339. ISBN 978-0-632-04601-0.

[Del_Signore_1997-3] Del Signore A, Romeoa F, Giaccio M (May 1997). "Content of phenolic substances in basidiomycetes". Mycological Research. 101 (5): 552–556. doi:10.1017/S0953756296003206.

[4] ttps://www.thekitchn.com/the-truth-about-sulfites-in-wine-myths-of-red-wine-headaches-100878

[5] "Potassium Metabisulfite".

[6] "Color Metallography". 2011-05-04.

[MSDS-7] "Material Safety Data Sheet". Guidechem.