# Hanna Neumann conjecture

In the mathematical subject of group theory, the Hanna Neumann conjecture is a statement about the rank of the intersection of two finitely generated subgroups of a free group. The conjecture was posed by Hanna Neumann in 1957.[1] In 2011, a strengthened version of the conjecture (see below) was proved independently by Joel Friedman[2] and by Igor Mineyev.[3]

In 2017, a third proof of the Strengthened Hanna Neumann conjecture, based on homological arguments inspired by pro-p-group considerations, was published by Andrei Jaikin-Zapirain. [4]

## History

The subject of the conjecture was originally motivated by a 1954 theorem of Howson[5] who proved that the intersection of any two finitely generated subgroups of a free group is always finitely generated, that is, has finite rank. In this paper Howson proved that if H and K are subgroups of a free group F(X) of finite ranks n  1 and m  1 then the rank s of H  K satisfies:

s  1 ≤ 2mn  m  n.

In a 1956 paper[6] Hanna Neumann improved this bound by showing that :

s  1 ≤ 2mn  2m  n.

In a 1957 addendum,[1] Hanna Neumann further improved this bound to show that under the above assumptions

s 1 ≤ 2(m 1)(n 1).

She also conjectured that the factor of 2 in the above inequality is not necessary and that one always has

s  1 ≤ (m  1)(n  1).

This statement became known as the Hanna Neumann conjecture.

## Formal statement

Let H, KF(X) be two nontrivial finitely generated subgroups of a free group F(X) and let L = H  K be the intersection of H and K. The conjecture says that in this case

rank(L)  1 ≤ (rank(H)  1)(rank(K)  1).

Here for a group G the quantity rank(G) is the rank of G, that is, the smallest size of a generating set for G. Every subgroup of a free group is known to be free itself and the rank of a free group is equal to the size of any free basis of that free group.

## Strengthened Hanna Neumann conjecture

If H, KG are two subgroups of a group G and if a, bG define the same double coset HaK = HbK then the subgroups H  aKa1 and H  bKb1 are conjugate in G and thus have the same rank. It is known that if H, KF(X) are finitely generated subgroups of a finitely generated free group F(X) then there exist at most finitely many double coset classes HaK in F(X) such that H  aKa1  {1}. Suppose that at least one such double coset exists and let a1,...,an be all the distinct representatives of such double cosets. The strengthened Hanna Neumann conjecture, formulated by her son Walter Neumann (1990),[7] states that in this situation

${\displaystyle \sum _{i=1}^{n}[{\rm {rank}}(H\cap a_{i}Ka_{i}^{-1})-1]\leq ({\rm {rank}}(H)-1)({\rm {rank}}(K)-1).}$

The strengthened Hanna Neumann conjecture was proved in 2011 by Joel Friedman.[2] Shortly after, another proof was given by Igor Mineyev.[3]

## Partial results and other generalizations

• In 1971 Burns improved[8] Hanna Neumann's 1957 bound and proved that under the same assumptions as in Hanna Neumann's paper one has
s ≤ 2mn  3m  2n + 4.
• In a 1990 paper,[7] Walter Neumann formulated the strengthened Hanna Neumann conjecture (see statement above).
• Tardos (1992)[9] established the strengthened Hanna Neumann Conjecture for the case where at least one of the subgroups H and K of F(X) has rank two. As most other approaches to the Hanna Neumann conjecture, Tardos used the technique of Stallings subgroup graphs[10] for analyzing subgroups of free groups and their intersections.
• Warren Dicks (1994)[11] established the equivalence of the strengthened Hanna Neumann conjecture and a graph-theoretic statement that he called the amalgamated graph conjecture.
• Arzhantseva (2000) proved[12] that if H is a finitely generated subgroup of infinite index in F(X), then, in a certain statistical meaning, for a generic finitely generated subgroup ${\displaystyle K}$ in ${\displaystyle F(X)}$ , we have H  gKg1 = {1} for all g in F. Thus, the strengthened Hanna Neumann conjecture holds for every H and a generic K.
• In 2001 Dicks and Formanek established the strengthened Hanna Neumann conjecture for the case where at least one of the subgroups H and K of F(X) has rank at most three.[13]
• Khan (2002)[14] and, independently, Meakin and Weil (2002),[15] showed that the conclusion of the strengthened Hanna Neumann conjecture holds if one of the subgroups H, K of F(X) is positively generated, that is, generated by a finite set of words that involve only elements of X but not of X1 as letters.
• Ivanov[16][17] and Dicks and Ivanov[18] obtained analogs and generalizations of Hanna Neumann's results for the intersection of subgroups H and K of a free product of several groups.
• Wise (2005) claimed[19] that the strengthened Hanna Neumann conjecture implies another long-standing group-theoretic conjecture which says that every one-relator group with torsion is coherent (that is, every finitely generated subgroup in such a group is finitely presented).

## References

1. Hanna Neumann. On the intersection of finitely generated free groups. Addendum. Publicationes Mathematicae Debrecen, vol. 5 (1957), p. 128
2. Joel Friedman, "Sheaves on Graphs, Their Homological Invariants, and a Proof of the Hanna Neumann Conjecture" American Mathematical Soc., 2014
3. Igor Minevev, "Submultiplicativity and the Hanna Neumann Conjecture." Ann. of Math., 175 (2012), no. 1, 393-414.
4. Andrei Jaikin-Zapirain, Approximation by subgroups of finite index and the Hanna Neumann conjecture, Duke Mathematical Journal, 166 (2017), no. 10, pp. 1955-1987
5. A. G. Howson. On the intersection of finitely generated free groups. Journal of the London Mathematical Society, vol. 29 (1954), pp. 428434
6. Hanna Neumann. On the intersection of finitely generated free groups. Publicationes Mathematicae Debrecen, vol. 4 (1956), 186189.
7. Walter Neumann. On intersections of finitely generated subgroups of free groups. GroupsCanberra 1989, pp. 161170. Lecture Notes in Mathematics, vol. 1456, Springer, Berlin, 1990; ISBN 3-540-53475-X
8. Robert G. Burns. On the intersection of finitely generated subgroups of a free group. Mathematische Zeitschrift, vol. 119 (1971), pp. 121130.
9. Gábor Tardos. On the intersection of subgroups of a free group. Inventiones Mathematicae, vol. 108 (1992), no. 1, pp. 2936.
10. John R. Stallings. Topology of finite graphs. Inventiones Mathematicae, vol. 71 (1983), no. 3, pp. 551565
11. Warren Dicks. Equivalence of the strengthened Hanna Neumann conjecture and the amalgamated graph conjecture. Inventiones Mathematicae, vol. 117 (1994), no. 3, pp. 373389
12. G. N. Arzhantseva. A property of subgroups of infinite index in a free group Proc. Amer. Math. Soc. 128 (2000), 32053210.
13. Warren Dicks, and Edward Formanek. The rank three case of the Hanna Neumann conjecture. Journal of Group Theory, vol. 4 (2001), no. 2, pp. 113151
14. Bilal Khan. Positively generated subgroups of free groups and the Hanna Neumann conjecture. Combinatorial and geometric group theory (New York, 2000/Hoboken, NJ, 2001), 155170, Contemporary Mathematics, vol. 296, American Mathematical Society, Providence, RI, 2002; ISBN 0-8218-2822-3
15. J. Meakin, and P. Weil. Subgroups of free groups: a contribution to the Hanna Neumann conjecture. Proceedings of the Conference on Geometric and Combinatorial Group Theory, Part I (Haifa, 2000). Geometriae Dedicata, vol. 94 (2002), pp. 3343.
16. S. V. Ivanov. Intersecting free subgroups in free products of groups. International Journal of Algebra and Computation, vol. 11 (2001), no. 3, pp. 281290
17. S. V. Ivanov. On the Kurosh rank of the intersection of subgroups in free products of groups. Advances in Mathematics, vol. 218 (2008), no. 2, pp. 465484
18. Warren Dicks, and S. V. Ivanov. On the intersection of free subgroups in free products of groups. Mathematical Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society, vol. 144 (2008), no. 3, pp. 511534
19. The Coherence of One-Relator Groups with Torsion and the Hanna Neumann Conjecture. Bulletin of the London Mathematical Society, vol. 37 (2005), no. 5, pp. 697705