# h-vector

In algebraic combinatorics, the h-vector of a simplicial polytope is a fundamental invariant of the polytope which encodes the number of faces of different dimensions and allows one to express the Dehn–Sommerville equations in a particularly simple form. A characterization of the set of h-vectors of simplicial polytopes was conjectured by Peter McMullen[1] and proved by Lou Billera and Carl W. Lee[2][3] and Richard Stanley[4] (g-theorem). The definition of h-vector applies to arbitrary abstract simplicial complexes. The g-conjecture stated that for simplicial spheres, all possible h-vectors occur already among the h-vectors of the boundaries of convex simplicial polytopes. It was proven in December 2018 by Karim Adiprasito[5][6].

Stanley introduced a generalization of the h-vector, the toric h-vector, which is defined for an arbitrary ranked poset, and proved that for the class of Eulerian posets, the Dehn–Sommerville equations continue to hold. A different, more combinatorial, generalization of the h-vector that has been extensively studied is the flag h-vector of a ranked poset. For Eulerian posets, it can be more concisely expressed by means of a noncommutative polynomial in two variables called the cd-index.

## Definition

Let Δ be an abstract simplicial complex of dimension d 1 with fi i-dimensional faces and f1 = 1. These numbers are arranged into the f-vector of Δ,

${\displaystyle f(\Delta )=(f_{-1},f_{0},\ldots ,f_{d-1}).}$

An important special case occurs when Δ is the boundary of a d-dimensional convex polytope.

For k = 0, 1, , d, let

${\displaystyle h_{k}=\sum _{i=0}^{k}(-1)^{k-i}{\binom {d-i}{k-i}}f_{i-1}.}$

The tuple

${\displaystyle h(\Delta )=(h_{0},h_{1},\ldots ,h_{d})}$

is called the h-vector of Δ. The f-vector and the h-vector uniquely determine each other through the linear relation

${\displaystyle \sum _{i=0}^{d}f_{i-1}(t-1)^{d-i}=\sum _{k=0}^{d}h_{k}t^{d-k}.}$

Let R = k[Δ] be the Stanley–Reisner ring of Δ. Then its Hilbert–Poincaré series can be expressed as

${\displaystyle P_{R}(t)=\sum _{i=0}^{d}{\frac {f_{i-1}t^{i}}{(1-t)^{i}}}={\frac {h_{0}+h_{1}t+\cdots +h_{d}t^{d}}{(1-t)^{d}}}.}$

This motivates the definition of the h-vector of a finitely generated positively graded algebra of Krull dimension d as the numerator of its Hilbert–Poincaré series written with the denominator (1  t)d.

The h-vector is closely related to the h*-vector for a convex lattice polytope, see Ehrhart polynomial.

## Toric h-vector

To an arbitrary graded poset P, Stanley associated a pair of polynomials f(P,x) and g(P,x). Their definition is recursive in terms of the polynomials associated to intervals [0,y] for all y P, y 1, viewed as ranked posets of lower rank (0 and 1 denote the minimal and the maximal elements of P). The coefficients of f(P,x) form the toric h-vector of P. When P is an Eulerian poset of rank d + 1 such that P 1 is simplicial, the toric h-vector coincides with the ordinary h-vector constructed using the numbers fi of elements of P 1 of given rank i + 1. In this case the toric h-vector of P satisfies the Dehn–Sommerville equations

${\displaystyle h_{k}=h_{d-k}.}$

The reason for the adjective "toric" is a connection of the toric h-vector with the intersection cohomology of a certain projective toric variety X whenever P is the boundary complex of rational convex polytope. Namely, the components are the dimensions of the even intersection cohomology groups of X:

${\displaystyle h_{k}=\operatorname {dim} _{\mathbb {Q} }\operatorname {IH} ^{2k}(X,\mathbb {Q} )}$

(the odd intersection cohomology groups of X are all zero). The Dehn–Sommerville equations are a manifestation of the Poincaré duality in the intersection cohomology of X. Kalle Karu proved that the toric h-vector of a polytope is unimodal, regardless of whether the polytope is rational or not[7].

## Flag h-vector and cd-index

A different generalization of the notions of f-vector and h-vector of a convex polytope has been extensively studied. Let ${\displaystyle P}$ be a finite graded poset of rank n, so that each maximal chain in ${\displaystyle P}$ has length n. For any ${\displaystyle S}$, a subset of ${\displaystyle \left\{0,\ldots ,n\right\}}$, let ${\displaystyle \alpha _{P}(S)}$ denote the number of chains in ${\displaystyle P}$ whose ranks constitute the set ${\displaystyle S}$. More formally, let

${\displaystyle rk:P\to \{0,1,\ldots ,n\}}$

be the rank function of ${\displaystyle P}$ and let ${\displaystyle P_{S}}$ be the ${\displaystyle S}$-rank selected subposet, which consists of the elements from ${\displaystyle P}$ whose rank is in ${\displaystyle S}$:

${\displaystyle P_{S}=\{x\in P:rk(x)\in S\}.}$

Then ${\displaystyle \alpha _{P}(S)}$ is the number of the maximal chains in ${\displaystyle P_{S}}$ and the function

${\displaystyle S\mapsto \alpha _{P}(S)}$

is called the flag f-vector of P. The function

${\displaystyle S\mapsto \beta _{P}(S),\quad \beta _{P}(S)=\sum _{T\subseteq S}(-1)^{|S|-|T|}\alpha _{P}(S)}$

is called the flag h-vector of ${\displaystyle P}$. By the inclusion–exclusion principle,

${\displaystyle \alpha _{P}(S)=\sum _{T\subseteq S}\beta _{P}(T).}$

The flag f- and h-vectors of ${\displaystyle P}$ refine the ordinary f- and h-vectors of its order complex ${\displaystyle \Delta (P)}$:[8]

${\displaystyle f_{i-1}(\Delta (P))=\sum _{|S|=i}\alpha _{P}(S),\quad h_{i}(\Delta (P))=\sum _{|S|=i}\beta _{P}(S).}$

The flag h-vector of ${\displaystyle P}$ can be displayed via a polynomial in noncommutative variables a and b. For any subset ${\displaystyle S}$ of {1,,n}, define the corresponding monomial in a and b,

${\displaystyle u_{S}=u_{1}\cdots u_{n},\quad u_{i}=a{\text{ for }}i\notin S,u_{i}=b{\text{ for }}i\in S.}$

Then the noncommutative generating function for the flag h-vector of P is defined by

${\displaystyle \Psi _{P}(a,b)=\sum _{S}\beta _{P}(S)u_{S}.}$

From the relation between αP(S) and βP(S), the noncommutative generating function for the flag f-vector of P is

${\displaystyle \Psi _{P}(a,a+b)=\sum _{S}\alpha _{P}(S)u_{S}.}$

Margaret Bayer and Lou Billera determined the most general linear relations that hold between the components of the flag h-vector of an Eulerian poset P. [9]

Fine noted an elegant way to state these relations: there exists a noncommutative polynomial ΦP(c,d), called the cd-index of P, such that

${\displaystyle \Psi _{P}(a,b)=\Phi _{P}(a+b,ab+ba).}$

Stanley proved that all coefficients of the cd-index of the boundary complex of a convex polytope are non-negative. He conjectured that this positivity phenomenon persists for a more general class of Eulerian posets that Stanley calls Gorenstein* complexes and which includes simplicial spheres and complete fans. This conjecture was proved by Kalle Karu.[10] The combinatorial meaning of these non-negative coefficients (an answer to the question "what do they count?") remains unclear.

## References

1. McMullen, Peter (1971), "The numbers of faces of simplicial polytopes", Israel Journal of Mathematics, 9 (4): 559–570, doi:10.1007/BF02771471, MR 0278183.
2. Billera, Louis; Lee, Carl (1980), "Sufficiency of McMullen's conditions for f-vectors of simplicial polytopes", Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society, 2 (1): 181–185, doi:10.1090/s0273-0979-1980-14712-6, MR 0551759.
3. Billera, Louis; Lee, Carl (1981), "A proof of the sufficiency of McMullen's conditions for f-vectors of simplicial convex polytopes", Journal of Combinatorial Theory, Series A, 31 (3): 237–255, doi:10.1016/0097-3165(81)90058-3.
4. Stanley, Richard (1980), "The number of faces of a simplicial convex polytope", Advances in Mathematics, 35 (3): 236–238, doi:10.1016/0001-8708(80)90050-X, MR 0563925.
5. Kalai, Gil (2018-12-25). "Amazing: Karim Adiprasito proved the g-conjecture for spheres!". Combinatorics and more. Retrieved 2019-06-12.
6. Adiprasito, Karim (2018-12-26). "Combinatorial Lefschetz theorems beyond positivity". arXiv:1812.10454v3. Bibcode:2018arXiv181210454A. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
7. Karu, Kalle (2004-08-01). "Hard Lefschetz theorem for nonrational polytopes". Inventiones Mathematicae. 157 (2): 419–447. arXiv:math/0112087. doi:10.1007/s00222-004-0358-3. ISSN 1432-1297.
8. Stanley, Richard (1979), "Balanced Cohen-Macaulay Complexes", Transactions of the American Mathematical Society, 249 (1): 139–157, doi:10.2307/1998915, JSTOR 1998915.
9. Bayer, Margaret M. and Billera, Louis J (1985), "Generalized Dehn-Sommerville relations for polytopes, spheres and Eulerian partially ordered sets", Inventiones Mathematicae 79: 143-158. doi:10.1007/BF01388660.
10. Karu, Kalle (2006), "The cd-index of fans and posets", Compositio Mathematica, 142 (3): 701–718, doi:10.1112/S0010437X06001928, MR 2231198.