Tutte–Coxeter graph

In the mathematical field of graph theory, the Tutte–Coxeter graph or Tutte eight-cage or Cremona–Richmond graph is a 3-regular graph with 30 vertices and 45 edges. As the unique smallest cubic graph of girth 8 it is a cage and a Moore graph. It is bipartite, and can be constructed as the Levi graph of the generalized quadrangle W2 (known as the Cremona–Richmond configuration). The graph is named after William Thomas Tutte and H. S. M. Coxeter; it was discovered by Tutte (1947) but its connection to geometric configurations was investigated by both authors in a pair of jointly published papers (Tutte 1958; Coxeter 1958a).

Tutte–Coxeter graph
Named afterW. T. Tutte
H. S. M. Coxeter
Vertices30
Edges45
Radius4
Diameter4
Girth8
Automorphisms1440 (Aut(S6))
Chromatic number2
Chromatic index3
Book thickness3
Queue number2
PropertiesCubic
Cage
Moore graph
Symmetric
Distance-regular
Distance-transitive
Bipartite
Table of graphs and parameters

All the cubic distance-regular graphs are known.[1] The Tutte–Coxeter is one of the 13 such graphs.

It has book thickness 3 and queue number 2.[2]

Constructions and automorphisms

A particularly simple combinatorial construction of the Tutte–Coxeter graph is due to Coxeter (1958b), based on work by Sylvester (1844). In modern terminology, take a complete graph on 6 vertices K6. It has 15 edges and also 15 perfect matchings. Each vertex of the Tutte–Coxeter graph corresponds to an edge or perfect matching of the K6, and each edge of the Tutte–Coxeter graph connects a perfect matching of the K6 to each of its three component edges. By symmetry, each edge of the K6 belongs to three perfect matchings. Incidentally, this partitioning of vertices into edge-vertices and matching-vertices shows that the Tutte-Coxeter graph is bipartite.

Based on this construction, Coxeter showed that the Tutte–Coxeter graph is a symmetric graph; it has a group of 1440 automorphisms, which may be identified with the automorphisms of the group of permutations on six elements (Coxeter 1958b). The inner automorphisms of this group correspond to permuting the six vertices of the K6 graph; these permutations act on the Tutte–Coxeter graph by permuting the vertices on each side of its bipartition while keeping each of the two sides fixed as a set. In addition, the outer automorphisms of the group of permutations swap one side of the bipartition for the other. As Coxeter showed, any path of up to five edges in the Tutte–Coxeter graph is equivalent to any other such path by one such automorphism.

The Tutte–Coxeter graph as a building

This graph is the spherical building associated to the symplectic group ${\displaystyle Sp_{4}(\mathbb {F} _{2})}$ (and there is an exceptional isomorphism between this group and the symmetric group ${\displaystyle S_{6}}$ ). More specifically, it is the incidence graph of a generalized quadrangle.

References

1. Brouwer, A. E.; Cohen, A. M.; and Neumaier, A. Distance-Regular Graphs. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1989.
2. Wolz, Jessica; Engineering Linear Layouts with SAT. Master Thesis, University of Tübingen, 2018
• Coxeter, H. S. M. (1958a). "The chords of the non-ruled quadric in PG(3,3)". Can. J. Math. 10: 484–488. doi:10.4153/CJM-1958-047-0.
• Sylvester, J. J. (1844). "Elementary researches in the analysis of combinatorial aggregation". Phil. Mag. Series 3. 24: 285–295.
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