Pappus graph

In the mathematical field of graph theory, the Pappus graph is a bipartite 3-regular undirected graph with 18 vertices and 27 edges, formed as the Levi graph of the Pappus configuration.[1] It is named after Pappus of Alexandria, an ancient Greek mathematician who is believed to have discovered the "hexagon theorem" describing the Pappus configuration. All the cubic distance-regular graphs are known; the Pappus graph is one of the 13 such graphs.[2]

Pappus graph
The Pappus graph.
Named afterPappus of Alexandria
Vertices18
Edges27
Diameter4
Girth6
Automorphisms216
Chromatic number2
Chromatic index3
Book thickness3
Queue number2
PropertiesBipartite
Symmetric
Distance-transitive
Distance-regular
Cubic
Hamiltonian
Table of graphs and parameters

The Pappus graph has rectilinear crossing number 5, and is the smallest cubic graph with that crossing number (sequence A110507 in the OEIS). It has girth 6, diameter 4, radius 4, chromatic number 2, chromatic index 3 and is both 3-vertex-connected and 3-edge-connected. It has book thickness 3 and queue number 2.[3]

The Pappus graph has a chromatic polynomial equal to: ${\displaystyle (x-1)x(x^{16}-26x^{15}+325x^{14}-2600x^{13}+14950x^{12}-65762x^{11}+}$${\displaystyle 229852x^{10}-653966x^{9}+1537363x^{8}-3008720x^{7}+4904386x^{6}-}$${\displaystyle 6609926x^{5}+7238770x^{4}-6236975x^{3}+3989074x^{2}-1690406x+356509)}$.

The name "Pappus graph" has also been used to refer to a related nine-vertex graph,[4] with a vertex for each point of the Pappus configuration and an edge for every pair of points on the same line; this nine-vertex graph is 6-regular, is the complement graph of the union of three disjoint triangle graphs, and is the complete tripartite graph K3,3,3. The first Pappus graph can be embedded in the torus to form a self-Petrie dual regular map with nine hexagonal faces; the second, to form a regular map with 18 triangular faces. The two regular toroidal maps are dual to each other.

Algebraic properties

The automorphism group of the Pappus graph is a group of order 216. It acts transitively on the vertices, on the edges and on the arcs of the graph. Therefore the Pappus graph is a symmetric graph. It has automorphisms that take any vertex to any other vertex and any edge to any other edge. According to the Foster census, the Pappus graph, referenced as F018A, is the only cubic symmetric graph on 18 vertices.[5][6]

The characteristic polynomial of the Pappus graph is ${\displaystyle (x-3)x^{4}(x+3)(x^{2}-3)^{6}}$. It is the only graph with this characteristic polynomial, making it a graph determined by its spectrum.

References

1. Weisstein, Eric W. "Pappus Graph". MathWorld.
2. Brouwer, A. E.; Cohen, A. M.; and Neumaier, A. Distance-Regular Graphs. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1989.
3. Jessica Wolz, Engineering Linear Layouts with SAT. Master Thesis, University of Tübingen, 2018
4. Kagno, I. N. (1947), "Desargues' and Pappus' graphs and their groups", American Journal of Mathematics, The Johns Hopkins University Press, 69 (4): 859–863, doi:10.2307/2371806, JSTOR 2371806
5. Conder, M. and Dobcsányi, P. "Trivalent Symmetric Graphs Up to 768 Vertices." J. Combin. Math. Combin. Comput. 40, 41-63, 2002.